1) Risk of Harm to Self or Others: If any client is at serious risk of harming themselves or someone else, a counsellor may need to take steps to protect safety. 

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2) Suspected Child Abuse or Neglect: Counsellors are legally obligated to report any suspicion of a child (under 19) being abused, neglected, or exposed to serious risk.

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3) Abuse or Neglect of Vulnerable Adults: If a counsellor suspects abuse, neglect, or financial exploitation of an elder or vulnerable adult, they may need to report it to appropriate authorities.

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4) Subpoena by a court of law: If a judge issues a subpoena or court order, counsellors may be required to release client records or testify in court.

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5) Criminal Activity: Any information describing past crimes committed, or consideration of future crimes could obligate the counsellor to break confidentiality on legal or ethical grounds.

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